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Chorphonetik

Intonation und Homogenität optimieren mit Vokalen

Chorphonetik ist eine von Wolfgang Saus entwickelte Stimm- und Gehörbildungsmethodik, die es Chören und Ensembles ermöglicht, Intonation und Homogenität durch Feinjustierung der Obertöne von Vokalen präzise zu gestalten.

Die Methodik wird seit 1983 kontinuierlich fachdidaktisch, wissenschafltich und anhand praktischer Erfahrungen mit Chören und Ensembles weiterentwickelt. Sie eignet sich nicht nur für Profisänger, sondern ist gerade auch für ambitionierte Laienchöre interessant, als effizientes und intuitives Werkzeug, die Intonation völlig neu zu verstehen.

Chorphonetik ist Teil einer umfassenderen Gesangsphonetik, die Wolfgang Saus 2015 veröffentlichte.

(Dieser Text enthält Teile aus einem Vortrag von Wolfgang Saus, 10. Stuttgarter Stimmtage, 10. – 12. Oktober 2014).

Chorphonetik, Vox Humana 01/2015

Choral Phonetics (English), translated from Vox Humana 01/2015
Chorphonetik Exposé de
Stockhausen’s Stimmung and Vowel Overtone Singing

Sänger können lernen, ihre Formanten so auf Teiltöne auszurichten, dass sie sowohl in den musikalischen Kontext passen als auch innerhalb einer Stimmgruppe übereinstimmen. Formanten erzeugen einen (unbewußt wahrgenommenen) Tonhöheneindruck, der die Intonation und Homogenität beeinflußt. Gesangspädagogische Methoden des Obertongesangs bilden die Grundlage für die Schulung der Wahrnehmung dieser Tonhöheninformation und für die Kontrolle der Formanten durch die Form des Vokaltrakts.

Ich teile meinen Vortrag in zwei Abschnitte:

  1. Neue Sicht auf altes Wissen
    – Formanten als Melodieinstrumente.
  2. Innovationen
    – Gesangstechnik der tongenauen Formantkontrolle
    – Wirkung der Formanten auf Intonation (Chorphonetik) – Hauptthema
    – Didaktik der Formantkontrolle
    – Ausblick: Konsequenzen für Sprech- und Gesangsphonetik

Formant als Melodieinstrument

Gesangsphonetik von Sprechphonetik zu unterscheiden ist nicht neu . Neu ist die Hör- und Betrachtungsweise der Vokalfarbe als „Melodie der Klangfarbe“. Wenn man beginnt, Obertöne in der Vokalfarbe einzeln zu hören, werden Vokale als Tonpaare gehört und nicht mehr nur als Klangfarbe.

Experimente mit Laien- und Profichören zeigen, dass die in der Vokalfarbe enthaltene Toninformationen auch dann die Intonation beeinflussen, wenn sie nicht bewußt wahrgenommen werden. Die Toninformationen stammen vom ersten und zweiten Formanten, wobei der zweite Formant einen deutlich stärkeren Effekt zeigt.

Obertöne werden normalerweise aus zwei Gründen nicht gehört: 1. Die Wahrnehmung von Vokalen ist in Bezug auf Formanten flexibel. Wir hören den gleichen Vokal, auch wenn die Formanten eine Quinte oder mehr vom Mittelwert abweichen. 2. Die Sänger sind in der Wahrnehmung von Obertönen nicht trainiert und hören daher nur auf Klangfarben.

Chorsänger müssen zuerst lernen, Obertöne bewußt zu hören, um ihre Formanten tongenau singen zu können. Danach lernen sie Techniken, mit denen der zweite Formant gezielt gestimmt wird.

Wenn Chorsänger ihre Formanten innerhalb einer Stimmgruppe synchronisieren, erzeugen sie Homogenität. Da für jeden Vokal mehrere Positionen der Formanten möglich sind, kann der Dirigent solche Teiltöne hervorheben, die in den musikalischen Kontext passen und zugleich andere Stimmen stabilisieren. Die Resultate sind:

  • Homogenität wird durch einheitliche Formanten erzeugt.
  • Reine Intonation orientiert sich an Obertönen in Vokalen.
  • Gehör und Motorik der Sänger wird verfeinert.
  • Klangfarbe wird komponierbar.

Hörst du eine Melodie oder Silben? Saus Hörtest.

Gehörst du zu den 5%, die die Melodie hören?Dieses Video auf YouTube ansehen In diesem Video erfährst Du, wie Du Obertöne in Vokalen hören kannst. Das eröffnet Dir eine neue […]

Formanten kontrollieren

Ich habe gelernt, die ersten drei Formanten unabhängig und auf den Ton genau zu regulieren. Die unabhängige Formant-Kontrolle ist Grundlage des Obertongesangs, einer Gesangstechnik, bei der ein Sänger scheinbar zwei Töne gleichzeitig singt, indem er zwei Resonanzfrequenzen auf dieselbe Frequenz stimmt und dann mit diesem Doppelresonator  entlang der Obertonreihe eine „Formant-Melodien“ singt. Für Chorsänger reicht es, nur den zweiten Formanten zu steuern, weil er den überwiegenden Toneindruck vermittelt.

Der erste Schritt zu Kontrolle der Formanten ist eine Hörschulung zur Wahrnehmung der Teiltöne. Im zweiten Schritt werden Zungenbewegungen trainiert. Der zweite Formant wird von Kehldeckel und Zungengrund reguliert.

Wenn Formanten exakt auf Frequenzen von Teiltönen eines Singtons liegen, klingt der Ton voll und laut, das allgemein angestrebte Ziel im klassischen Gesang.

IPA Vokaldiagramm zu ungenau

IPA Vokaldiagramm

Herkömmliches IPA Vokaldiagramm. Quelle: Grendelkhan, Nohat (Eigenes Werk) (CC-BY-SA-3.0), via Wikimedia Commons.

Sobald die Formanten als Tonhöhen wahrgenommen und reguliert werden, sind die Vokalbeschreibungen aus der Phonetik – geschlossen/offen, hinten/vorne, gerundet/ungerundet – nicht mehr sinnvoll und viel zu ungenau für das, was die Chorphonetik erfordert.

In der Chorphonetik (generell in der Gesangsphonetik) ist es vielmehr sinnvoll, die Vokale als Tonpaare/-trippel von Formanten anzugeben. Denn die Sänger lernen, ihren Vokaltrakt so zu kontrollieren, dass sie einzelne Formanten in der Tonhöhe verändern können, völlig anders als in phonetischen Beschreibungen, wo überwiegend zwei Formanten gleichzeitig und unbewußt verschoben werden. Ich werde in Kürze einen entsprechenden Vorschlag für ein Gesangsvokaldiagramm vorlegen, das sprachunabhängig die Lage jedes erdenklichen Vokals exakt reproduzierbar beschreibt.

Vokale 10-fach präziser

Die Möglichkeiten, chorische Vokale zu steuern, sind in der herkömmlichen Stimmbildung auf die Fähigkeiten der Sänger begrenzt, die Vokalfarbe durch Nachahmung, bildhafte Beschreibungen oder Wortvergleiche umzusetzen. In professionellen Chören kommt die Erfahrung hinzu, mit der Sänger intuitiv Vokale wählen, die gut auf den musikalischen Kontext abgestimmt sind – in der Regel ohne Kenntnis der Hintergründe. Je besser ein Chor das beherrscht, desto besser ist seine Klangqualität.

Vokale werden bis zu 10-fach präziser nuancierbar, wenn die Formanten wie Musikinstrumente tongenau plaziert werden. Phonetiker legen Formantkarten für Vokale an, indem sie die Frequenzlagen vieler Sprecher mitteln. Allein der Vergleich verschiedener Autoren zeigt, wie tolerant unser Vokalgehör gegenüber Formantabweichungen ist:

Formantfrequenzen von ə im Autorenvergleich.
AutorenF1/HzF2/Hz
Sendlmeier/Seebode5171447
Neppert3751525
Dowd5101670
Wikipedia5601170

Die von verschiedenen Autoren gefundenen mittleren Formantfrequenzen für ə weichen bis zu einer Quinte voneinander ab. Hinzu kommen die noch größeren Differenzen unter den Individuen, deren Werte den Daten zugrunde liegen.

Für das Sprachgehör ist eine Quintverschiebung des 1. und 2. Formanten kaum ein Unterschied. Für Musiker jedoch, die ihre Formanten genau stimmen können, und für Chorklang und Intonation ist eine Quinte ein gewaltiger Unterschied. Theoretisch gäbe es 7 (Halbton-)Abstufungen für jeden der Formanten der ə-Nuancen. In der Praxis sind die Abstufungen aber auf die zur Verfügung stehenden Teiltöne begrenzt. Diese wiederum sind abhängig vom Sington.

Praktisches Beispiel: Amen

Wie das im Chor konkret aussehen kann, soll das folgende Beispiel zeigen. Das Wort Amen wir als vierstimmiger D-Dur-Akkord gesungen.

Amen D-Dur, Formanten

Der Bass hellt die Silbe „men“ mit jedem Schritt etwas auf, indem er seinen 2. Formanten auf  den 8., 9. oder 10. Teilton (Harmonische) legt.

Reine Terz im Alt durch hellen Vokal im Bass

Sobald der Bass in der dritten Variante (Takt 6) den 10. Teilton (die natürliche große Terz) hervorhebt, tritt eine markante Änderung der Intonation in der Altstimme auf. Sie sinkt nämlich auf die Naturterz ab (14 Cent unter die gleichstufig temperierte Terz). Der 10. Teilton fis“‘ im Bass ist identisch mit dem 4. Teilton des fis‘ im Alt. Intuitiv gleicht der Alt seinen Grundton an die Naturterz an, um Schwebungen zu vermeiden (Kammerchorqualitäten vorausgesetzt). Der Akkord ist rein. Gleichzeitig bilden Sopran und Alt eine reine kleine Terz mit allen Teiltönen und erzeugen damit D als Differenzton, eine Oktave unter dem Bass. Der gesamte Akkord klingt voll, raumfüllend und stabil.

Die zweite Variante (Takt 4) erzeugt eine sehr stabile Quinte. Bei exakt gleicher Formantlage (identische Aussprache) in Bass, Tenor und Sopran heben alle drei Stimmen denselben Oberton e“‘ hervor, 9. Teilton im Bass, 6. Teilton im Tenor, 3. Teilton im Sopran.

Freiheiten des 2. Formanten in der Silbe men

Die Silbe men wird mit dem Neutralvokal ə, dem Schwa, gesprochen. Im Gesang gibt es, je nach Grundton, mehrere mögliche Klangfärbungen der Silbe. Der Bass kann auf d das men so singen, dass entweder der 8., 9. oder 10. Teilton – d“‘, e“‘, f#“‘ – herausklingt, ohne den Vokalcharakter wesentlich zu ändern.

1
2
3
1

F2 auf der Oktave, dem 8. Teilton des Grundtons d.

2

F2 auf der großen Sekunde, 9. Teilton des Grundtons d.

3

F2 auf der großen Terz, 10. Teilton des Grundtons d.

Im Bild sind die Formanten mit vocal fry aufgenommen, also stimmlos. Die Teiltöne des Grundtons d sind als Linien eingezeichnet. Rechts sieht man die Lage des dritten „men“ im F1/F2-Diagramm.

In Vocal-fry-Technik sind die 2. Formanten deutlich als Tonhöhen zu hören. Bei der gesungenen Fassung jedoch beschreiben Hörer ohne Obertonhörschulung den Unterschied eher als leichte Aufhellung des Vokals. Die Formanten sind im Klang schwieriger zu hören. Obertontrainierte Ohren hören hingegen deutlich die Teiltöne und unterscheiden die Vokalqualitäten genauso differenziert, wie sie die Töne d, e und f# unterscheiden.

Moll klingt besser ohne 10. Harmonische

Im Moll-Akkord muss hingegen der 10. Teilton im Bass unbedingt vermieden werden, da sonst der Alt nicht in der Lage ist, die kleine Terz zu halten. Moll klingt mit dem 10. Teilton im Bass falsch intoniert, auch wenn alle Töne korrekt gesungen werden.

Besondere Effekte können erzeugt werden, wenn im Bass der 9. Teilton (gr. None) als eine Art Vorhalt gesungen wird, der sich in den 8. Teilton (Oktave) zu einem fast mittelalterlich ruhigen Akkord entspannt.

All diese Effekte werden vom Hörer nicht bewußt wahrgenommen, haben aber großen Einfluss auf die Wirkung der Musik. Die Chorsänger müssen allerdings, um diese Effekte zu steuern, ganz bewußt die Teiltonverstärkungen wahrnehmen.

Leicht zu lernen

Im praktischen Versuch wird das Ganze rasch deutlicher. Man muss es nicht nur hören, sondern auch körperlich fühlen, um zu begreifen, wie Chorphonetik wirkt. Es ist in der Praxis viel leichter, als es sich zunächst anhört. Vieles macht der Körper von allein, weil sich die Resonanzübereinstimmung sofort in entspanntem Singen äussert. Und das Gehör hat ein archaisches Gedächtnis für die Obertonintervalle und damit für die reine Intonation. Beides muss nur erstmal zusammengeführt werden.

Literatur und Quellen

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2 Kommentare
  1. Lutz Felbick sagte:

    Lieber Wolfgang,
    Du hattest mir vor längerer Zeit Dein Diagramm gegeben „Gesangsphonetik 2015“. Jetzt finde ich Muße mich damit intensiver zu befassen. Da ich weiß, dass Du Wahrheit ganz gut vertragen kannst: Ich verstehe das immer noch nicht.

    Es gibt in Deinem Diagramm „Gesangsphonetik 2015“ eine X-Achse und eine Y-Achse jeweils mit Klaviatur und dann in die Stimmlagen SATB, nochmals mit Tonhöhen. Jetzt schaue ich auf deine website (Vortrag von Wolfgang Saus, 10. Stuttgarter Stimmtage, 10. – 12. Oktober 2014). Ich sehe in der ähnlich wiein „Gesangsphonetik 2015 angelegten Grafik dieser Website, dass im Idealfall z.B. der 1. Formant mit dem 4. Oberton übereinstimmen muss. So muss ich jetzt noch mal schlau machen, was der Unterschied zwischen Formanten und Obertönen ist. Ansonsten muss ich mich auch noch mal mit der Lautschrift IPA befassen, die ich selten benutzt habe und die wir auch im Chorleiterstudium an der Düsseldorfer Musikhochschule nicht kennengelernt hatten, denn da lief doch leider manches nur auf der Basis des Wissens unseres damaligen Chorleitungsprofessors aus der Zeit 1976-82. Sehr schade, allerdings hatte der andere Qualitäten und das habe ich an ihm geschätzt.

    Vermutich finde ich dann nach weiterem Studium die Lösung für mein derzeitiges Unverständnis. Bin ja noch jung und lernfähig!!
    Liebe Grüße aus dem jetzt sehr ruhigen Aachen
    Lutz

    Antworten
    • Wolfgang Saus sagte:

      Lieber Lutz,

      meine Gesangsphonetik ist, zugegeben, für Musiker nicht leicht nachzuvollziehen (auch für Wissenschaftler nicht), dafür aber umso mächtiger. In meinen dezidierten Gesangsphonetik-Workshops lernt man Schritt für Schritt mit der Schablone umzugehen und kann dann nicht nur die Intonation und Homogenität in Chören steuern, sondern vor allem Solosänger lernen, die Tragfähigkeit der Stimme mit nur ein paar Millimetern Zugensverschiebung drastisch zu verbessern.

      Ich zeige es Dir gern mal in einer Video-Konferenz, wenn Du magst.

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