Umngqokolo der Xhosa
Der Obertongesang umngqokolo der Xhosa Frauen ist polyphon. Der Grundton wird als Ganzton-Wechselnote gesungen. Die Basslage wird durch Untertonkehlgesang erzeugt, der technisch dem Kargyraa der Tuwiner entspricht. Die Obertonmelodie wird darüber abwechselnd parallel und gegenläufig geführt.
Aufnahmen von Prof. Dr. Dave Dargie in Südafrika 1985 bis 1998. Nowxayilethi Mbizweni singt das Lied Nondel’ekhaya in umngqokolo, umngqokolo ngomqangi und mit normaler Stimme.
Die Polyphonie im Notenbild:
Tonfolge aus dem Video ab Minute 3:50
Literatur & Quellen
UMNGQOKOLO - Thembu Xhosa - OVERTONE SINGING Filmed 1985-1998 in South Africa, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYj-55T6Uzs.
OVERTONE SINGING UMNGQOKOLO by Xhosa Women from SOUTH AFRICA, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5ufUjLQBXk&feature=youtube_gdata_player.
“We Can Even Teach You.” - Ngqoko Cultural Group, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrRdfsmAJVs.
MoLoRa (Trailer), 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5_ctpzap8w.
Mhube Bow, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FvnCsedGO04.
Ngoqoko Singing, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A93UKLfFKto.
The Ngqoko Women’s Ensemble - Nondel’ekhaya (1), 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWG8P9N7aek.
WCMA Interviews Madosini, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDl4AD38NTA.
Madosini-Yaka Yaka, 2008. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hdamqx3m0Yg.
Mugongo, Forest’rhythm, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfjuVgBVqRI.
Madosini Manqina - Queen of South Africa’s Pondoland Music, 2006. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9iIXnP1UBY&feature=youtube_gdata.
Lucia, Christine. The World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2005.
Dargie, David, and International Council for Traditional Music. Conference. Thembu Xhosa Umngqokolo Overtone Singing: The Use of the Human Voice as a Type of “Musical Bow” : A Paper Offered for the I.C.T.M. Conference, Berlin, June 1993. D. Dargie, 1993.
Dargie, David. “Umngqokolo: Xhosa Overtone Singing and the Song Nondel’ekhaya.” African Music 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 33–47. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30249985.
Dargie, David. Xhosa Music : Its Techniques and Instruments, with a Collection of Songs. 1, [Hauptbd.]. Cape Town [u.a.]: Philip, 1988.
“Dave Dargie :‘Some Recent Developments in Xhosa Music : Activities of the Ngqoko Traditional Xhoa Music Ensemble,and at the University of Fort Hare’. | TRANQUANGHAI’s WORLD.” Accessed February 2, 2012. http://tranquanghaisworld.blogspot.com/2008/01/dave-dargie-some-recent-developments-in.html.
“Mongolian Conceptualizations of Overtone Singing (Xöömii).” Accessed January 31, 2012. http://www.soundtransformations.co.uk/khoomiipeggconcepts.htm.
“Archival Sound Recordings.” Accessed May 11, 2011. http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=025M-C0811X0040XX-0300V0.xml.
“36 (SOUTH AFRICA) Two Overtone Songs, Umngqokolo Mp3 - Free Download from 4shared - Filestube.Com.” Accessed May 11, 2011. http://www.filestube.com/5CUlt7KICMGesbnpjBr1nr/36-SOUTH-AFRICA-two-overtone-songs-umngqokolo.html.
“Tran Quang Hai & Bach Yen Website.” Accessed February 2, 2012. http://membres.multimania.fr/tranquanghai/overtones.html#anchor962380.
Multiply. “Dave Dargie: Music Ensemble, and at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa.” Accessed January 31, 2012. http://tranquanghai.multiply.com/journal/item/2868/Dave_Dargie_Music_Ensemble_and_at_the_University_of_Fort_Hare_South_Africa?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=addthis&utm_campaign=tranquanghai.
What’s On. “Ngoko Ensemble: The Dying Art of Xhosa Overtone Singing by Evan Milton.” Accessed January 31, 2012. http://www.whatson.co.za/blog_read.php?id=260.
YouTube. “The Ngqoko Women’s - Ensemble Nxanxadi.” Accessed January 29, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5tqka43hW4.
cc-by-sa Wolfgang Saus - www.oberton.org
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