{"id":23081,"date":"2013-05-13T17:56:57","date_gmt":"2013-05-13T15:56:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/overtone-singing\/styles\/south-africa\/"},"modified":"2022-04-13T13:28:27","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T11:28:27","slug":"south-africa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/south-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"South Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jzfue-4f08a8d9eda29ef1e3cb0cab850f63d1\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-jzfue-4f08a8d9eda29ef1e3cb0cab850f63d1{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-jzfue-4f08a8d9eda29ef1e3cb0cab850f63d1 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-jzfue-4f08a8d9eda29ef1e3cb0cab850f63d1 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-jzfue-4f08a8d9eda29ef1e3cb0cab850f63d1 av-special-heading-h1 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Umngqokolo of the Xhosa<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1srg92-5e97c756a180ee6bcb6299b4a9f608a4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='av-mini-hide avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7238\" src=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/worldmap-xhosa-v2.png\" alt=\"worldmap-xhosa-v2\" usemap=\"#imgmap20121127215519\" width=\"672\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/worldmap-xhosa-v2.png 672w, https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/worldmap-xhosa-v2-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/worldmap-xhosa-v2-600x272.png 600w, https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/worldmap-xhosa-v2-450x204.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><\/p>\n<map id=\"imgmap20121127215519\" name=\"imgmap20121127215519\">\n<area title=\"Barbershop\" alt=\"Barbershop\" coords=\"80,88,16\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/obertongesang\/stile\/barbershop\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Papua Neuguinea\" alt=\"Papua Neuguinea\" coords=\"584,197,14\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/papua-new-guinea\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Taiwan\" alt=\"Taiwan\" coords=\"529,126,14\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/taiwan\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Europa\" alt=\"Europa\" coords=\"293,56,16\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/obertongesang\/stile\/westlicher-obertongesang\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Nordamerika\" alt=\"Nordamerika\" coords=\"106,64,15\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/obertongesang\/stile\/westlicher-obertongesang\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Bashkortostan\" alt=\"Bashkortostan\" coords=\"390,57,13\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/obertongesang\/stile\/kehlgesang\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Tuwa &amp; 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Mongolei\" alt=\"Tuwa &amp; Mongolei\" coords=\"453,64,14\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/obertongesang\/stile\/kehlgesang\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Tibet\" alt=\"Tibet\" coords=\"453,104,14\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/tibet\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Tansania\" alt=\"Tansania\" coords=\"354,203,16\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/tanzania\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"S\u00fcdafrika\" alt=\"S\u00fcdafrika\" coords=\"332,249,14\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/south-africa\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Sardinien\" alt=\"Sardinien\" coords=\"298,86,17\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/sardinia\/\" target=\"_self\" \/>\n<area title=\"Japan\" alt=\"Japan\" coords=\"557,91,15\" shape=\"circle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/en\/overtone-singing\/styles\/japan\/\" target=\"_self\" \/><\/map>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1jitpq-43a3fae80a9c3c319bd2819350eb8626 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Overtone singing <em>umngqokolo<\/em> of the Xhosa women is polyphonic. The fundamental is sung as an alternating whole-tone note. The bass is produced by <a title=\"Untertonkehlgesang\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/obertongesang\/stile\/untertongesang\/untertonkehlgesang\/\">undersound throat singing<\/a>, which is technically equivalent to the kargyraa of the Tuvan people. The overtone melody is conducted above it alternately in parallel and in counterpart.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='avia-video av-1g7w2u-8ebd50280c7b155292640460b74650af avia-video-4-3 av-no-preview-image avia-video-load-always av-lazyload-immediate av-lazyload-video-embed'  itemprop=\"video\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"  data-original_url='http:\/\/youtu.be\/MYj-55T6Uzs?t=3m50s'><script type='text\/html' class='av-video-tmpl'><div class='avia-iframe-wrap'><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"UMNGQOKOLO - Thembu Xhosa - OVERTONE SINGING filmed  1985-1998 in South Africa\" width=\"1333\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MYj-55T6Uzs?start=230&wmode=transparent&amp;rel=0&amp;feature=oembed&autoplay=0&loop=0&controls=1&mute=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><\/script><div class='av-click-to-play-overlay'><div class=\"avia_playpause_icon\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-16c0cm-5f1b710496ded6e55cdc6726f7b42b03 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>ARecordings by Prof. Dr. Dave Dargie in South Africa 1985 to 1998. Nowxayilethi Mbizweni sings the song <\/em>Nondel&#8217;ekhaya<em> in umngqokolo, umngqokolo ngomqangi style and in a normal voice.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The polyphony in the sheet music:<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-13uxk6-e0400726a252037ac81145f43e40ebd5\">\n.avia-image-container.av-13uxk6-e0400726a252037ac81145f43e40ebd5 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-13uxk6-e0400726a252037ac81145f43e40ebd5 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-13uxk6-e0400726a252037ac81145f43e40ebd5 av-styling- avia_animated_image av-animated-when-visible-95 left-to-right avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image- avia-img-lazy-loading-not- avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/www.oberton.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/xhosa-polyphony1.png\" alt='' title=''   itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-ytvta-1b0293ded357d7b8a12c7b01e9e87fc6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Sound sequence from the video from minute 3:50<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-fwgy6-a852bb7a9bb70d243d6bf3b3a9fa0ec4\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-fwgy6-a852bb7a9bb70d243d6bf3b3a9fa0ec4{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-fwgy6-a852bb7a9bb70d243d6bf3b3a9fa0ec4 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-fwgy6-a852bb7a9bb70d243d6bf3b3a9fa0ec4 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id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-KPKKXPZK\" data-zp-author-date='tranquanghai-2012-05-17' data-zp-date-author='2012-05-17-tranquanghai' data-zp-date='2012-05-17' data-zp-year='2012' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>UMNGQOKOLO - Thembu Xhosa - OVERTONE SINGING Filmed 1985-1998 in South Africa<\/i>, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MYj-55T6Uzs'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MYj-55T6Uzs<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-IMZRD3TN\" data-zp-author-date='QuangHai-Tran-2012-05-16' data-zp-date-author='2012-05-16-QuangHai-Tran' data-zp-date='2012-05-16' data-zp-year='2012' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>OVERTONE SINGING UMNGQOKOLO by Xhosa Women from SOUTH AFRICA<\/i>, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H5ufUjLQBXk&feature=youtube_gdata_player'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H5ufUjLQBXk&feature=youtube_gdata_player<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-82AXIIFV\" data-zp-author-date='cultureproject-2011-07-15' data-zp-date-author='2011-07-15-cultureproject' data-zp-date='2011-07-15' data-zp-year='2011' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>\u201cWe Can Even Teach You.\u201d - Ngqoko Cultural Group<\/i>, 2011. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xrRdfsmAJVs'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xrRdfsmAJVs<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-WT2EZ6VF\" data-zp-author-date='cultureproject-2011-04-11' data-zp-date-author='2011-04-11-cultureproject' data-zp-date='2011-04-11' data-zp-year='2011' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>MoLoRa (Trailer)<\/i>, 2011. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F5_ctpzap8w'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F5_ctpzap8w<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-RK7QQBKT\" data-zp-author-date='PEDROMUSICMAN-2010-11-22' data-zp-date-author='2010-11-22-PEDROMUSICMAN' data-zp-date='2010-11-22' data-zp-year='2010' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>Mhube Bow<\/i>, 2010. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FvnCsedGO04'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FvnCsedGO04<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-WJ264E5S\" data-zp-author-date='PEDROMUSICMAN-2010-08-22' data-zp-date-author='2010-08-22-PEDROMUSICMAN' data-zp-date='2010-08-22' data-zp-year='2010' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>Ngoqoko Singing<\/i>, 2010. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A93UKLfFKto'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A93UKLfFKto<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-KQXHH7QZ\" data-zp-author-date='Bidybi-2008-09-01' data-zp-date-author='2008-09-01-Bidybi' data-zp-date='2008-09-01' data-zp-year='2008' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>The Ngqoko Women\u2019s Ensemble - Nondel\u2019ekhaya (1)<\/i>, 2008. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RWG8P9N7aek'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RWG8P9N7aek<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-XX77V533\" data-zp-author-date='Bradlox-2008-05-07' data-zp-date-author='2008-05-07-Bradlox' data-zp-date='2008-05-07' data-zp-year='2008' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>WCMA Interviews Madosini<\/i>, 2008. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CDl4AD38NTA'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CDl4AD38NTA<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-XBUK9S3S\" data-zp-author-date='Bidybi-2008-02-23' data-zp-date-author='2008-02-23-Bidybi' data-zp-date='2008-02-23' data-zp-year='2008' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>Madosini-Yaka Yaka<\/i>, 2008. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Hdamqx3m0Yg'>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Hdamqx3m0Yg<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-HGT2VM28\" data-zp-author-date='Nguengue-2007-05-23' data-zp-date-author='2007-05-23-Nguengue' data-zp-date='2007-05-23' data-zp-year='2007' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>Mugongo, Forest\u2019rhythm<\/i>, 2007. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RfjuVgBVqRI'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RfjuVgBVqRI<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-6EST4TIM\" data-zp-author-date='Rouvanne-2006-07-05' data-zp-date-author='2006-07-05-Rouvanne' data-zp-date='2006-07-05' data-zp-year='2006' data-zp-itemtype='videoRecording' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>Madosini Manqina - Queen of South Africa\u2019s Pondoland Music<\/i>, 2006. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q9iIXnP1UBY&feature=youtube_gdata'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q9iIXnP1UBY&feature=youtube_gdata<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-PIRC4GPF\" data-zp-author-date='Lucia-2005' data-zp-date-author='2005-Lucia' data-zp-date='2005' data-zp-year='2005' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Lucia, Christine. <i>The World of South African Music: A Reader<\/i>. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2005.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-4PKVUUE7\" data-zp-author-date='Dargie-and-Conference-1993' data-zp-date-author='1993-Dargie-and-Conference' data-zp-date='1993' data-zp-year='1993' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Dargie, David, and International Council for Traditional Music. Conference. <i>Thembu Xhosa Umngqokolo Overtone Singing: The Use of the Human Voice as a Type of \u201cMusical Bow\u201d\u202f: A Paper Offered for the I.C.T.M. Conference, Berlin, June 1993<\/i>. D. Dargie, 1993.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-VP5UTW4V\" data-zp-author-date='Dargie-1991-01-01' data-zp-date-author='1991-01-01-Dargie' data-zp-date='1991-01-01' data-zp-year='1991' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Dargie, David. \u201cUmngqokolo: Xhosa Overtone Singing and the Song Nondel\u2019ekhaya.\u201d <i>African Music<\/i> 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 33\u201347. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30249985'>http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/30249985<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-KA5A44HG\" data-zp-author-date='Dargie-1988' data-zp-date-author='1988-Dargie' data-zp-date='1988' data-zp-year='1988' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Dargie, David. <i>Xhosa Music\u202f: Its Techniques and Instruments, with a Collection of Songs. 1, [Hauptbd.]<\/i>. Cape Town [u.a.]: Philip, 1988.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-VMPJSS3A\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\u201cDave Dargie\u202f:\u2018Some Recent Developments in Xhosa Music\u202f: Activities of the Ngqoko Traditional Xhoa Music Ensemble,and at the University of Fort Hare\u2019. | TRANQUANGHAI\u2019s WORLD.\u201d Accessed February 2, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/tranquanghaisworld.blogspot.com\/2008\/01\/dave-dargie-some-recent-developments-in.html'>http:\/\/tranquanghaisworld.blogspot.com\/2008\/01\/dave-dargie-some-recent-developments-in.html<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-QU9I8KZQ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\u201cMongolian Conceptualizations of Overtone Singing (X\u00f6\u00f6mii).\u201d Accessed January 31, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.soundtransformations.co.uk\/khoomiipeggconcepts.htm'>http:\/\/www.soundtransformations.co.uk\/khoomiipeggconcepts.htm<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-TXPCC6TZ\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\u201cArchival Sound Recordings.\u201d Accessed May 11, 2011. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/sounds.bl.uk\/View.aspx?item=025M-C0811X0040XX-0300V0.xml'>http:\/\/sounds.bl.uk\/View.aspx?item=025M-C0811X0040XX-0300V0.xml<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-UT4PPBQD\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\u201c36 (SOUTH AFRICA) Two Overtone Songs, Umngqokolo Mp3 - Free Download from 4shared - Filestube.Com.\u201d Accessed May 11, 2011. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.filestube.com\/5CUlt7KICMGesbnpjBr1nr\/36-SOUTH-AFRICA-two-overtone-songs-umngqokolo.html'>http:\/\/www.filestube.com\/5CUlt7KICMGesbnpjBr1nr\/36-SOUTH-AFRICA-two-overtone-songs-umngqokolo.html<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-ERI6K5IN\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">\u201cTran Quang Hai & Bach Yen Website.\u201d Accessed February 2, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/membres.multimania.fr\/tranquanghai\/overtones.html#anchor962380'>http:\/\/membres.multimania.fr\/tranquanghai\/overtones.html#anchor962380<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-56HT9RX7\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='newspaperArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\"><i>Multiply<\/i>. \u201cDave Dargie: Music Ensemble, and at the University of Fort Hare, South Africa.\u201d Accessed January 31, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/tranquanghai.multiply.com\/journal\/item\/2868\/Dave_Dargie_Music_Ensemble_and_at_the_University_of_Fort_Hare_South_Africa?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=addthis&utm_campaign=tranquanghai'>http:\/\/tranquanghai.multiply.com\/journal\/item\/2868\/Dave_Dargie_Music_Ensemble_and_at_the_University_of_Fort_Hare_South_Africa?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=addthis&utm_campaign=tranquanghai<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-TFN77UM5\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">What\u2019s On. \u201cNgoko Ensemble: The Dying Art of Xhosa Overtone Singing by Evan Milton.\u201d Accessed January 31, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.whatson.co.za\/blog_read.php?id=260'>http:\/\/www.whatson.co.za\/blog_read.php?id=260<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-23081-935790-9WGK7DA3\" data-zp-author-date='-0000-00-00' data-zp-date-author='0000-00-00-' data-zp-date='0000-00-00' data-zp-year='0000' data-zp-itemtype='webpage' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">YouTube. \u201cThe Ngqoko Women\u2019s - Ensemble Nxanxadi.\u201d Accessed January 29, 2012. <a class='zp-ItemURL' href='http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-5tqka43hW4'>http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-5tqka43hW4<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='av-buildercomment av-dsdr2-62f4fe5e7c2596b9f9d26c3800bfae93  av-blog-meta-html-info-disabled'><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-8wck6-67863ef4267a82ca36825ec67465d940\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-8wck6-67863ef4267a82ca36825ec67465d940{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-8wck6-67863ef4267a82ca36825ec67465d940 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-8wck6-67863ef4267a82ca36825ec67465d940 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-8wck6-67863ef4267a82ca36825ec67465d940 av-special-heading-h3 meta-heading  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_comments_list  avia-builder-el-last '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Tell a Friend<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-left shariff-widget-align-left\" style=\"display:none\"><div class=\"ShariffHeadline\"><h3>Share<\/h3><\/div><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-round orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button twitter shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#595959\"><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oberton.org%2Fen%2Fovertone-singing%2Fstyles%2Fsouth-africa%2F&text=South%20Africa\" title=\"Bei X teilen\" aria-label=\"Bei X teilen\" role=\"button\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\"; 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